2, pp. Political participation is a complex phenomenon. The America First Action is a super PAC led by former administrator of the Small Business Administration. (2009), Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Politics and Gender, Vol. Globalization has influenced American politics by increasing the extent to which the United States influences, and is influenced by, the values of other countries. In the same context, Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) asserted that the difference in regional affiliation affected the political orientations of individuals. The election commission has the right to allow symbols to the political parties. They can create and post videos on behalf of or opposed to candidates. Tingkat Pengetahuan. Also, the ratio of women's political participation is low. The following video is the CNN News Report on the Los Angeles Riots, including Rodney Kings appeal to stop the violence. Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. People take part in support activities on behalf of a cause, which can lead to greater involvement. They represented all segments of society: Al-Al Bayt University, which is located in the northern region of Jordan (14 colleges, 7,434 males and 9,809 females), the Jordanian University, which is located in the central region of Jordan (20 colleges, 12,716 males and 25086 females), the Mu'tah University, which is located in the southern region of Jordan (19 colleges, 7,614 males, Female 7,172). Considered one of the most impactful expressions of patriotism, voting is the primary means of participating in politics. The ratio of participation varied among different age groups, such as young, adults and older people. (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. In addition, they did not get high quality public services. Posted 6 months ago. The main reason for voting in the elections according to regional affiliation was practicing the constitutional right. with (43.7 per cent) for the (Jordanians). 121-133. Not filmed at all was an intoxicated King driving erratically, leading police on an eight-mile, high-speed chase through crowded streets. In addition to strengthening the participation of young people, especially university students participating in voting and community participation (Jordanian constitution, articles 6, 16, 17, 18, and the election law No. Moreover, after the Arab revolutions in late 2010 and early 2011, and Jordanian peaceful demonstrations and protests, the political leadership allowed more constitutional and legal amendments, which strengthened the political participation of all segments of people including Jordanian young people, particularly women (Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). If so, you are taking part in civil society, the community of individuals who volunteer and work cooperatively outside of formal governmental institutions (Eberly, 1998). (2012), The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Although the youth represent the largest number in these countries, their voting in elections is very poor. Second: The more the age varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of older students. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. Flanigan, W. H. and Nancy H. Zingale, Political Behavior of the American Electorate, 9th ed. Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data. It is assumed that there is a relation between the cognitive status of low self-esteem and feeling of pessimism and alienation from society and political apathy. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. Nahar, G. and Humaidan, R. (2013), The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 3, pp. 89 No. In addition, the voting of the students' category (Palestinians) was low. New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. It was noted that the number of students (Palestinians) who have the right to vote was a total of (438) including (254) participated in the voting with (58 per cent) in the same category. The reasons of that choice are represented in: Samer (2017), Atiyat (2017), Dababneh (2012), Nahar (2012), Nahar and Humaidan (2013), Tillian (2011) emphasizis that these factors were the most important social and economic factors affecting political participation. There has been a steady increase in turnout since the 2000 presidential election, in which 51 percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot. In recent decades, political participation amongst Table III shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to family income. Level of modernization and urbanization 5. As there are differences in voter turnout ratio according to age groups, the voting ratio in the age group (23 less than 18years old) was low. The main reason for voting in the elections according to family income was practicing the constitutional right. with (33.5 per cent) for the family income category (500 dinars), and (22.2 per cent) for the family income category (500 less than 700 dinars). The survey on students of the three Jordanian universities (Al-Al Bayt University, Jordanian University, and Mu'tah University) was conducted to explore the impact of gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation on the students voting. WebIn particular, the level of criminal violence greatly impacts 1) citizens decision to participate politi- cally, 2) their forms of participation, and 3) the logic of their vote choice. As female students voting was low. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. At least ten states prohibit former felons from voting even after they have served their time. Homana, G.A. Also, It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 less than 700 dinars) was the total number of (185) including (171) participated in the voting with (92.4 per cent) in the same category. The High socio-economic status is conducive for an increase in the overall amount of political participation. Lawless and Fox (2001) pointed out that Low-income people refuse to vote because they have no incentive to do that. Quantitative research method was used in this study. Moreover, political participation is a legitimate right for all citizens, their choice of the members of the government and the decision makers would influence their actions (Verba and Nie, 1978, p. 1). Far more people participate in politics by voting than by any other means. The total number of students in the three universities was (177,516) students. Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, A British Gender Gap? It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. Individuals acquire political beliefs due to cultural factors, including their demographic characteristics and their experiences with family, friends, school, religion, and the media. In addition, some women's organizations (Arab Women's Union) demanded more equality, freedom, and education for Jordanian women (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). Leadership operates globally with explicit power to influence people in the dynamic context of society, including state politics, church relationships, and social events. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. (1997) attributed that to the lack of political interest of the females. 1, pp. Gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. The most important political activities may be those carried out by parties or citizens between elections to influence government decisions about specific problems that concern them. 1, pp. Lawless and Fox (2001) and Cohen and Dawson (1993) linked between income levels (wealth, social well-being, money and economic development) and political participation. Al-Mohammad, S.M. Women turnout during Indias 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. Over two hundred websites were established to rally support for protests in Seattle, Washington; Washington, DC; Quebec City, Canada; and other locations. In addition, their aversion from the activities of the parties. Today, students demonstrate to draw attention to causes. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from 2. 7 No. This made them reluctant to vote in elections. They pointed out that the political participation of females has always been less than males. Now lets look at other determinants of what affects voter turnout. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. Direct link to veighn.dangerfield's post depends on the situation , Posted 5 months ago. This article concludes that people have different voting that publics political participation is decreasing from 2004 to 2014. Introduction. WebFactors Influencing Political Participation: 1. Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. As a part of its instrumental functions, the party contacts and registers voters, selects party nominees, organizes campaign activities, mobilizes rallies to influence the electorate during elections to vote and at o her occasions to favour their programmes. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. Protest behavior can take many forms. (1993), Neighborhood poverty and African American politics, American Political Science Review, Vol. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. Based on the above: Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) indicated that the difference in family income affected political participation. Moreover, the reason for not voting was the ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (20.3 per cent) for the Jordanians and Inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (38.4 per cent) for the (Palestinians). WebThe aim of the study was to establish factors affecting youth participation in political governance in Ndirande Township in Blantyre, Malawi. Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people, Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils, Inefficiency of candidates for such councils, Family considerations and kinetic connections. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. Koch, J.W. Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. One is an individuals substantive political identification on a left-right spectrum and the other is on an individuals engagement with the process of politics that is revealed by their acquisition of information on candidates in an election and their willingness to vote in an election. (1976), No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries, Harvard University press, Cambridge. The Jordanian Constitution and laws have witnessed many amendments to strengthen political participation of all the Jordanian people segments, at the national level (parliament) and the local level (local councils). Viewing the entire tape, one would have seen a belligerent and violent Rodney King who was difficult for police to constrain. The pool of eligible voters has expanded from primarily white, male property owners at the founding to include black men after the Civil War, women after 1920, and eighteen- to twenty-year-olds after 1971. The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voters list from time to time. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Steven E. Schier (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 932. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Dolan (2011), Fox (2011) discussed how to overcome the gender gap in voting. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Re-Interview Poll, Nov, 2008, Poll Database, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top. 54 No. College students in the 1960s used demonstrations to voice their opposition to the Vietnam War. Political participation of females in most societies is less than that of males, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. This problem gained attention during the 2000 election. In addition, political participation is voluntary activities, in which the individual participates in the selection of rulers, and formulates public policies, directly or indirectly. What political causes do you care the most about? Womens full and effective political participation is a matter of human Moreover, their belief that elected councils, whether national or local, are not able to change their lives in the future. Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? 87 No. They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, economic growth, social relationships, and regional affiliation) affected political participation, especially voting in elections. We saw the three cleavages affecting voter turnout, which were a mix of internal and external factors. Voter turnout is a mix of two factors: Internal (motivation, eagerness, knowledge) and External (eligibility, mobilization, voter suppression). A formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests; interest groups may represent social causes, economic Seventeen percent of Americans contacted a public official in 1976. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. People can blog or participate in discussion groups related to an election. It acts as a powerful reference group in its own right. People also can take part in support activities, more passive forms of political involvement. Lawless, J.L. In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. WebAttitudinal Factors. Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Moreover, it was known that in some countries, such as Jordan, Palestinian refugees have been granted the Jordanian nationality. Myron Weiner (1962) restricts his definition to voluntary actionthe activity which is designed by the actor himself to influence governmental decision-making. 1051-1072. Piven, F. F. and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Still Dont Vote (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000). the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. Political environment 4. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of Jordanians students. What motivated you to get involved? Psychological analysis Examining what causes an individual to run for office, decide to It can be concluded that the difference in age groups affects political participation. Moreover, university students are reluctant to vote in elections, because of their feeling of alienation within the society, especially young female students. People have many options for engaging in politics. Koch (1997) and Verba et al. It says that blue collared workers are more likely to be affiliated with the Democratic party, and it says that the Southern region is more Republican. This declining continued until the national elections in 2012, where the ratio of youth participation (ages 19-24years old) in voting was (41 per cent), and they were reluctant to engage in election campaigns and contacting elected officials. The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. What are the ways in which Americans participate in politics? The reason for not choosing private universities was that they were limited to high-income students. Dababneh, A.B. Atiyat (2017), Nahar (2013), Kang (2009), Ross (2008) attributed the low ratio of the women participating in voting and politics to tribal, cultural, economic and patriarchal constraints. Citizens can show their unhappiness with leadership choices by the symbolic act of not voting. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. Verba, S., Burns, N. and Schlozman, K.L. Generally, about 15 percent of Americans participate in these types of campaign activities in an election year (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). Political participation is normally associated with the modern form of democracy. Fox, R.L. Moreover, women believe that they do not have the ability to make political change, and their participating would make no change in the society. Measuring gender differences in political knowledge. The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. depends on the situation and if the other sex is open minded, American political ideologies and beliefs. Some barriers to voting are informal. The number of people who give money to a candidate, party, or political organization has increased substantially since the 1960s. Voters in midterm elections choose all the members of the US House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate, along with office holders at the state and local levels. Riots can result in destruction of property, looting, physical harm, and even death. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. This, in turn, increases their political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 9). Roth, S. and Saunders, C. (2019), Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Journal of Sociology, Vol. Moreover, some studies linked between democracy and active political participation, voting, participating in campaigning, and citizen protests. 1. These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. Specifically, it sought how culture, trust in governance institutions and civic education affect youth participation in political governance in Blantyre, Malawi. Atkeson (2003) indicated that the greater the involvement of women in the public sector, the more barriers of their political participation are broken. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? it was noted that the number of the students in the age group (18 less than 23) was a total of (654) included (427) participated in the voting with (65.3 per cent) in the same category. WebIn democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. 73 No. The ratio of voting for the category (18 less than 23) was low; this was problematic because the majority of university students were allocated in this category. Thus, there was a gender gap between Jordanian university male and female universities students' voting in national and local elections. The more the gender varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of males students. Similarly, in Britain, there is a gender gap in political participation. Turnout varies significantly across localities. The growth of an interconnected world economy and culture, fueled by lowered trade barriers between nations and advances in communications technology. However, young people participation in voting remained low (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). (2018), Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Journal of Social Science Education, Vol. Closing voting rosters weeks or months in advance of elections effectively disenfranchised voters. Despite the scope of leadership, Pentecostal church leaders show less propensity of political participation for unknown reasons, especially in African countries. Webfactors affecting participation in politics be citizens reactions to government policies and specically whether those policies are consonant with their pre-ferences? Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. 4, pp. It is a term applied to various types of activities ranging from political orientations, attitude, knowledge, interest in politics, identification with a political unit (political party or its any wing) to taking active part in political action such as rally, demonstration, strike or campaigning for voting in elections. (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. Homana (2018) and Oliver (2016) indicated the impact of age on political participation. Voter turnout depends on the type of election. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from individual personality and cognitive structures. Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. Methodology According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering WebHowever, this desired impact can be impeded by a variety of factors, including a lack of political incentives or limited state capacity to implement these mechanisms. They work for political parties or candidates, organize campaign events, and discuss issues with family and friends. Eberly, D. E., Americas Promise: Civil Society and the Renewal of American Culture (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). Soon after the verdict was announced, riots broke out. Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs.
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