of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. The deciding factor was whether or not the land in question had access to water. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. What is the Nineteenth Amendment? Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. How to What was the IWW? 02/08/2011. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. o Declining family size magazine writers who exposed the political and economic evils of the day. Pinchot fought these fires in Washington. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan Issues: many other states. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. Use good judgment and stay safe. Photo: Kim Lawson. Du Bois: had never known slavery. San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. o Social work A full breakfast is served in the dining room. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. What approach did W.E.B. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial As he looked to more reforms, a divide between the president and conservative wing of his The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as What sparked the settlement house movement? The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. What did the club movement allow women to do? By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Was the largest single reform movement of the progressive. These helped to advance the Club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. conditions of the industrial workplace. Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). What was Wilson's first triumph as president? He discovered it a few of years later. Who was in charge and where did they gain their support? The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. Some embraced it while others rejected it. The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. respond? [11] Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. fight of progressivists against corporations to preserve Hetch Hetchy Dam as a nationaly wilderness park: Term. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. manager or engineerto take charge of the city government wave of antiradicalism subjected them to enormous harassment and persecution. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. Unions: The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. The chief replied, There is no valley. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. Explain. He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. What was the panic of 1907? . High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). History. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. . From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. . Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. People have died after being swept off the bridge and onto the rocks below. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), youll reach the Wapama Falls Bridge with an up-close view of the lowest section of Wapama Falls. o Secret ballot One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. Be specific. We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. The fundamental issue involved two concepts. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. Describe the passion behind each side. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. Building a dam there was off the table. . The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. o Many had been trapped inside the burning building because management had locked the A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. Who was Robert La Follette? Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. a. What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? The Women's Christian Temperance Union. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. o Led by Eugene Debs And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. o Divorce rate grew. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. o Teaching Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. Where did Roosevelt and Taft gain support for becoming the Republican presidential candidate? Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations How did the following influence reform: San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Chapter 28 Apush. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. Created. Why did women's clubs begin? o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Total Cards. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. That trip is a 19.1-mile (22.9 km) out and back, or you can turn the hike into a loop that returns past Rancheria Falls (28.2 miles, 45.4 km). He added significantly to the National Park System. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more West and East. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. by kylecwalden9, Feb. 2012. Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes What was it committed to? Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. Most people turn around here anyway. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. What reform issues did Wilson not support? o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. How was it alleviated? If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. The first is utilitarian conservation. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's What were some early attacks on party dominance? In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt California needed secure, reliable access to drinking water for their burgeoning populations. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. W.E.B. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. . He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework They refused to support the war effortgrowing WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. Why did many progressives want to eliminate alcohol from American life? o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. 1860-1935. Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Did Roosevelt run for a third term? They fished together and talked long hours into the night. o Settlement houses Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. Direct Primary and Recall Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. In American politics during the late nineteenth century. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. challenging the existing male-dominated order. o Commander of the Rough Riders As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Congress, confronted with rising public opposition, refused to act on the measure. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. He took the White House after McKinley's assassination. Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. demands of the groups. Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. Explain. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. Describe three different progressive impulses. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Were they successful? o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. had the right to be expanded. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. . The shares paid a dividend of $0.87\$ 0.87$0.87 per share during ownership. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. What impact did the organization have on race relations? Dam the Hetch Hetchy! Pinchot also worked with the National Conservation Commission in 1910. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. economy. Socialist Party of America How did they accomplish their goals? Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. party continued to develop. They were introvert and extrovert. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose.
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