In the period 1450-1750, both European and Asian powers expanded their reach and created large empires across the world. It was also known for its impressive architectural achievements, such as the construction of roads, aqueducts, and terraced agriculture. The most immediate effect on indigenous communities was the massive depopulation caused by disease. It came to an end in the early 20th century, following the First World War, when the empire was dissolved and its territory was divided into several new states. They were called Cossacks. What were the characteristics of the Mughal Empire? How governments maintain legitimacy varies across empires, but the chart above illustrates two general ways that empires claimed the right to rule. Include any . Describe European maritime empires: French. After the tumultuous years of the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Yuan dynasty, it was also a time of relative peace and prosperity in China. What did the Protestant Reformation continue? The Ming Dynasty is also known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the completion of the Great Wall of China. The, Newtons Laws of Gravitation, Astronomical Charts, Better mapmaking, Astrolabe, Lateen sail, Compass, New ships (caravel, carrack, fluyt), Established Spanish links to Americas and Asia, Harvested cash crops, worked plantations, maintained homes. AP World History Unit 3: Land Based Empires c. 1450 to c. 1750 Flashcards | Quizlet AP World History Unit 3: Land Based Empires c. 1450 to c. 1750 Term 1 / 233 it made them have absolute authority, but it also brought about family problems between family members about who should rule, and they killed each other many times Click the card to flip It was founded by Catherine the Great, who established the Romanov Dynasty and expanded the territory of the empire through military conquests. \hline \text { Total } & 5311.82 & 39 & & & & \\ The Incas were skilled metalworkers and weavers and produced many works of art and crafts in gold, silver, and other materials. It came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Moroccan Saadi dynasty. His death effectively ended the Mughal Empire and the. The Safavids were Twelver Shia Muslims who made Shia Islam the official religion of the empire. What were the characteristics of the Ottoman Empire? Rulers continue to use religious ideas to justify their rule, Rulers waged conflicts against other rulers of different religions. This included the development of military professionals Learning Objective 3.4.D These are a good comparison of the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450-1750. Indigenous communities were originally enslaved, but they were not a viable long term plan for free/cheap labor. Tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire? (Caravanserai protection of trade routes, and an increase in control of those trade routes led to profit for the Ottoman Empire.). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Songhai Empire ruled over a large portion of West Africa. Thats complicated, and unique to each state. Their Sun God needed human blood so it would not descend into eternal darkness. 1. What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the Americas? Silver and gold, columbian exchange, plantation farming. After Zheng Hes explorations, the Ming dynasty retreated into isolationist policies. Also there was heavy taxation as well as lots of trade on land and sea. How did they deal with political and religious disputes? Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate power in land based empires. The Portuguese Empire was distinguished by a strong centralized government and a global trade and colonization network. Without the slave trade, African kingdoms would have continued to strengthen and could have prevented centuries of turmoil in the region. The Aztec Empire was known for its sophisticated government system, which included an organized bureaucracy and a strong centralized administration. Women were treated fairly, there was religious tolerance, and education was highly valued. The Incan Empire, also known as the Inca Empire, was a South American empire that was located in the Andes Mountains. Global trade was insanely profitable and new elite classes enjoyed this wealth. Negative - no immunity to new diseases, slave rebellion, environmental issues from the new technologies and food. By the name it may seem obvious, and it is to an extent. The Safavid Empire was an eastern Islamic state that existed from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries. So, pump your brakes on the European Empires. From 1368 to 1644, China was ruled by the Ming dynasty. The effects consisted of an increase of trade and the Americas got valuable traded goods. This included the use of tax collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. What were the causes and impacts of the Columbian Exchange? (Refe The Russian Empire is known for its cultural achievements and its role as a major world power. Why does it have these characteristics? As Europeans explored and colonized Africa and Asia, they set up. A trained Ottoman soldier in gunpowder weapons taken as a child and raised Muslim, AP World History Unit 3: Land-Based Empires, AP WORLD Chapter 35: Nationalism and Politica. In 1494, they signed the, The Spanish conquistadors brought down the thriving Aztec and Inca empires within a few decades. What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period? However, the Americas suffered massive depopulation because of the spread of disease. Gunpowder would have violent consequences in the decades to come. Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power): Land-based empires were able to develop as production of gunpowder and cannons increased. The state with the most access to trade could be the most powerful. \hline & & & & & & \\ Unit 4: Sea-Based Empires Compariso n 1450-1750 Use Pages 199-205 . prevent a civil war from happening Over time, the Portuguese became more exploitative to expand their powers. The Portuguese were a growing empire as they conquered trading routes and expanded their access to trade. The term land-based empire--as it explicitly applies to AP World History--refers to empires which existed during the period 1450-1750. These new markets were profitable, but could only be sustained with a lot of cheap or free labor. At this time, wealth was measured by how much gold or silver a country had on hand. Without any bloodshed, William and Mary II pressured James II into exile and took the throne. The fall of the Aztec Empire marked the end of the pre-Columbian civilizations in Mesoamerica and the beginning of the colonial period. Why does it have these characteristics? The Inca Empire is particularly known for its system of quipus, which were knotted cords that were used for record-keeping and communication. In each of the given sentences, underline the relative pronoun and circle the word to which it refers. \hline \text { Column 4 } & {10} & {365} \\ Centralizing their bureaucracies & consolidating power based on tribute, Unit 3 WHAP Review (c. 1450-1750 CE)Land-Based Empires. Eliminate repetition by replacing the boldfaced word or words with a synonym from your lesson words. They had a large bureaucracy and had religious freedom but women had no rights. Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World. 3. answered expert verified A) Identify ONE way in which ethnic divisions affected the development of land-based empires in the period 1450-1750. b) Identify ONE way in which ethnic divisions affected the development of maritime empires in the period 1450-1750. The Manchu imposed their will on the Qing people, Muslim rulers over India, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture, = Turkish empire based in Anatolia. In West Africa, European merchants and missionaries reached inland to the Kongo and Benin. Europeans had trading posts in Africa because they then had access to slaves, ivory, gold, and grain. They gave lower class white workers. They ruled with aristocrats who were elected based on merit and their power was controlled. The Portuguese Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, with territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas at its peak. Positive - populations increased, food supply increased, livestock altered the environment and provided Answer:The fact that the Ottoman Empire became more prominent from 1450 to 1750 had a great impact on global trade networks and in the way trade was conducted in the area. The Dutch Empire began to decline in the 19th century. The Tokugawa Shogunate ended in 1868, when the Meiji Restoration restored power to the emperor and ended the shogunate's rule. to collect taxes? However, the legacy of the French Empire lives on in the many countries that were influenced by French culture and institutions during this time. Why does it have these characteristics? This will not only help you review content from Unit 3. This was the dominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and was the belief system of several land-based empires in India, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Mughal Empire . It was founded by Osman I, who established the Ottoman Dynasty and expanded the territory of the empire over the centuries. 1450-1815 in AP European History For SAQ 4, the topic will relate to content between: 1750-2001 in AP World History 1865-2001 in AP US History 1815-2001 in AP European History Each SAQ is made up of 3 parts: A, B, and C. These parts typically progress from simple/straightforward to complex/abstract as you move through them. The answers consists of vocabulary words. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids (1501-1736, Persia) were Shi'a Muslims. The French Empire came to an end in the mid-19th century, following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Brutal Conquests in the 16th century. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused. Although the adopted political traditions in China, the Qing were committed to making the Manchu culture dominant. in underground passages and rooms called catacombs \text { Between } \\ Sikhism was a persecuted religion under the Mughals and beyond. The shogunate also established a system of feudalism, in which the daimyo, or regional lords, were required to spend every other year in the capital, Edo (present-day Tokyo). What were the motivations and consequences of exploration? The modern nation of Turkey was established on the territory of the former Ottoman Empire and is the successor state to the Ottoman Empire. Most kidnapped slaves were men, which left a gender imbalance in favor of women, especially in Ghana and Benin. The Ottoman Empire was a major regional power and had a significant influence on the culture and history of the Middle East. Relying on overland trade was too slow and you couldnt bring all that many goods with you on a camels back. This blood is provided through wars, conquests and POW sacrifices. The caraval, carrack and fluyt were all new technologies that helped countries increase their access to sea trade and travel. Unit 3: Land-Based Empires C. 1450 - 1750 Topic 3.1 Empires Expand Learning Objective Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750. It caused labor shortages and spread Christianity as well as colonization. In order to resist the Portuguese. Africans were kidnapped, often with the help of local rulers, and brought to the New World. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. The Spanish also established a fort at St. Augustine in present-day Florida. Religion (ex: European notion of divine right, Songhai promotion of Islam) How did the Ottoman Empire expand their empire? By the 1670s, the colonists and Natives had largely co-existed. The Spanish Empire was distinguished by a powerful centralized government and a vast network of trade and colonization. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. Stopped crusades and expanded Islam. Label each word or phrase that is italicized to indicate its use in the sentence. The Protestant Reformation in Europe challenged what was seen as corrupt practices of the Catholic Church. under the altars of churches throughout the city of Rome The Han Chinese established the Ming dynasty after overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and establishing a new government in China. This allowed for indirect rule (instead of centralized direct authority), where the Aztec did not have to be present in conquered areas to maintain control. The Dynasty produced thriving trade and sea trade. Between the 14th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire ruled over much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Some African rulers were complicit in the slave trade. Maybe. The Inca Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro. Why does it have these characteristics? It was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established himself as Emperor of the French and expanded the territory of the empire through military conquests. An external challenge to the state usually comes from neighboring states or other colonizing forces in the region. However, there was a business opportunity in the search for resources. Still used Mandate of Heaven, State and NeoConfucianism. This music would later influence many genres including gospel, blues, jazz, rock n roll, hip hop, reggae, and samba. Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: Land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power because rulers were able to either have religious tolerance or have a specific religion that they believe. How was the development of Maritime Empires influenced by ethnic divisions and racist institutions? Developed in South Asia due to interactions between Hinduism and Islam. The Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal government led by the Tokugawa family, ruled during this period of political stability and economic growth. the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam. Would\underline{\text{Would}}Would your cousin care to join us for lunch? They had religious tolerance as different religions were allowed. The Tokugawa period was also a time of cultural and artistic flourishing, with the emergence of several distinct artistic styles and the rise of a wealthy, urban merchant class. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . During the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan underwent significant economic and cultural development. Methods used by rulers to hold onto power in their empires? In the Americas, they did not have gunpowder but a large military still led to intimidation and the consolidation of power. It was founded by the Songhai people, a group of people who lived in what is now Niger and Mali. The. It was also a multicultural state, with Han Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, and other ethnic groups living there. Meeting to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Anything extra that they collected they were able to keep. How did the Aztecs use Tribute as a means for consolidating power? Elite Ottoman soldiers from the Devshirme system. (Christians and Muslims). The Russian nobility, known as. What methods of "legitimization" and "consolidation" of power were used by Malian and Ottoman rulers? Triangular ships adopted by the Arabs, astrolabe which was created from the Muslims, the caravel created by the Portuguese, and the magnifying glass from the Chinese are all technological diffusions are all important developments and innovations. How did the Civil Service Exam system centralize Qing Dynasties? Through a 8 year conquest moving east ward and stopping at Russia. how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450-1750. by Lauren edone RELIGION TAX & TRIBUTE BEUREACRATIC ELITES BUREACTRATIC ELITES Janissaries Rulers employed bureaucratic elites to enforce laws and military pros to These should not be confused with democracies or representative governments. Mughals, 1857. What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period? Use of brilliant military generals helped rulers maintain further their domain. Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power): Historical Developments Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and . However, in the 17th century, the, In fear of minority rule, Hindu warriors called the Marathas rebelled. It was the world's largest country by land area, covering more than one-sixth of the planet's land surface, and the third most populous. They had numerous canals, causeways, and bridges and central walled area with palaces and temples. The Incan Empire was known for its advanced system of government, which included a well-organized bureaucracy and a strong centralized administration. These, Gunpowder technology was getting better, making it easier to use guns. In Asia, the trend was toward large, land-based empires which were controlled from a central capital city. Slavery was a major driver of maritime trade relations. The Dutch were high rollers in this time and played a main role in finance. The original rules were superseded by the addition of several new directives. The Safavid Empire was a Persian Empire that ruled over parts of present-day Iran, Iraq, and the Caucasus region from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Rulers also continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Describe European maritime empires: Spanish. The monarchy was restored in France and the territory of the empire was gradually reduced through a series of treaties. This gave wealth. Many cotton and sugar plantations enslaved Africans. It was founded and ruled by a Muslim dynasty of Chaghatai Turco-Mongol origin, which claimed direct descent from both Timur, the Turco-Mongol conqueror, and Genghis Khan, via his son Chaghatai Khan. The lateen sail was a triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against wind. The French were the least important empire but they had military supremacy. #traderace. Meanwhile, the population of forced laborers increased, further expanding the wealth gap. The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' Describe the Qing Dynasty (use SPICE-T characteristics): The Quing Dynasty was located in Central Eurasia and used bureaucratic techniques to rule. However, the Qing Dynasty was also marked by political and social unrest, including several major rebellions and the Taiping Rebellion, which was one of the deadliest conflicts in world history. The Aztecs were skilled metalworkers and weavers and produced many works of art and crafts in gold, silver, and other materials. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 22 They blended Christian and Islamic faiths into their empire. The Ming dynasty was well-known for its strong government, cultural achievements, and economic growth. The Ottoman Turks were able to control the Silk Road, which was a trading route that connected Europe with the markets in Asia and the Middle East. Women in the Ottoman Empire also experienced some expanded freedoms. Russian serfs had suffered oppression. Describe European trading posts in Africa. His family ruled for 300 years & were the last czars of Russia. Ruled from 1644 until 1911. The most dramatic social changes happened in the Americas because of the influx of Europeans, decimation of Indigenous, and explosion of the African slave trade. The Spanish abolished systems against being cruel to natives. The fall of the Inca Empire marked the end of the pre-Columbian civilizations in South America and the beginning of the colonial period. Tokugawa, 1868. With over 1500 different dialects, most slaves did not share a common language, which meant that native tongues were lost over time. Cash crops were profitable, but required a lot of labor. It was also a period of economic and cultural growth, with the creation of a unified currency and the development of a distinct Qing style of art and literature. Land Based Empires 1450-c. 1750 Flashcards | Quizlet Land Based Empires 1450-c. 1750 Term 1 / 22 What were the characteristics of the Ottoman Empire? It was a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with labor of particular groups. Growing dissent among oppressed and poor populations pushed European states to invest in exploration and trade. What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period? These empires were different, but a few continuities remained. The Qajar dynasty, which followed the Safavids, eventually regained control of the empire and ruled over Iran until the early 20th century. The two split because they couldn't agree on who they wanted to rule after Muhammad, Ali or Abu Bakr. A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. This was used to generate revenue to continue the rise of state power and expansion. For example, the Kongo was in decline. The most common destination for slaves was Brazil because sugar was so harsh to cultivate that the lifespan of slaves was extremely short (5-10% of slaves died every year). 1453: Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, 1471: Completion of the Sun Temple in Cuzco, rise of the Inca Empire, 1526: Guru Nanak founded the first Sikh Community, 1682: Palace of Versaille completed in France, 1707: Death of Emperor Aurangzeb, weakening of the Mughal Empire, New military weapons make wars more decisive, Increase in the size and number of Empires, Administrative systems more resources to expand, Collapse of Nomadic Empires room for landed empires to expand, Continued spread of major religions associated with empires. Restrictions on women were softened and everyone had religious tolerance. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power? The rulers and nobles all converted to Islam. These regions did not have a history of state sponsorship of naval activity; for example, merchants may have done most of the overseas trading. Investors were rapidly buying shares based on speculated costs that increased as demand increased. How did religion lead to conflict in Europe 1450-1700? Some women, such as Roxelana, climbed the social ladder from slave to wife of the Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Great. decide a president, Where did early Christians meet, hide, and bury their dead to avoid detection and persecution? The Aztec Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernn Corts. Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. It was distinguished by a global trade network and a system of colonies and dependencies. (direct object), p.n.p.n.p.n. If there is a specific religion that needs to be followed, they can enforce it and create consequences. How did European monarchs use religion to legitimize their power 1450-1700? The Indian Ocean consisted of people making a living working there, manufactured goods, and it was more industrialized. Spanish and Portuguese influence spread across politics, economics, and society in the Americas. In an effort to genocide Indigenous culture, Europeans were encouraged to procreate with the Indigenous and African communities. They also enforced Confusican gender roles. Below the royals was a second class of the nobility, a small wealthy group that owned most of the land. From the early sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, the Mughal Empire ruled South Asia. SUMMARYGroupsColumn1Column2Column3Column4SourceofVariationBetweenGroupsWithinGroupsTotalCount10101010Ss2997.112314.715311.82Average349348366365df33639MS999.0464.30F15.54p-value1.2E06Fcrit2.866. But as of yet, the fastest way to Asia was through the Mediterranean, which was monopolized by the Byzantines followed by the Ottomans. They saw each other as heretical and fought each other for land. Ruled from 1644 until 1911. The Protestant Reformation was the creation of a new branch of Christainity Protestantism that included people that broke from the Roman Catholic Church. The Portuguese led the way to Sub-Saharan Africa and present-day China, India, Indonesia, but their first to market advantage didnt last long. They built roads and bridges and created a tribute system to gain power. The Ming dynasty ended in 1644, when it was deposed by the Qing dynasty. Which of the following contributed most to the emergence of Russia as an expanding Eurasian power in the period between 1450 and 1750? What methods were used by the Mughal Empire (1526-1857 CE). \hline {\text { SUMMARY }} \\ The empire was also a center of learning and scholarship, with the establishment of several major libraries and the support of scholars and intellectuals. \hline \begin{array}{l} Most of the native literature, art, and languages were completely destroyed, which left very few primary sources from before 1450. How do events in this section support this statement? , g was "American Progress." The Columbian Exchange also had an enormous effect on the environment. In the 18th century, the Spanish Empire began to decline. In the Americas, Indigenous groups rebelled against European conquest. New technology More exploration Columbian Exchange, New foodstuffs increased the population everywhere, Except for the Americas where disease decimated everyone , Migration of people Spread of religion, new syncretic cultures, Integration of the west trade was actually global new Maritime (sea-based) powers, Mercantilism & capitalism became predominant economic policies, The new global economy had long-lasting effects, European middle class gained wealth Industrialization possible, Prosperity funding for arts and architecture, Slave trade intensified as demand for labor increased, Other coerced systems created (encomienda, mita), Social class based on race & ethnicity, first time ever, Transport paid in exchange for 7 years of unpaid labor, Development of European colonies overseas, Opening of new trade routes over the Atlantic and Pacific, Population growth, which increased demand for goods, Vodun - West African spiritualism brought to caribbean, Candomble - dance to honor the gods, Bantu + Brazil, Virgin of Guadalupe - Indigenous + Catholic, Queen Nzingas rebellion in modern-day Angola, Pueblo & Apache Revolt in present-day New Mexico, Gloucester County Slave Rebellion (Virginia), Glorious Revolution (Catholic vs. Protestant in England). In present-day New Mexico, the entire Pueblo community rebelled against the Spanish for 10 days in 1680. What could be done about them? Bureaucracy/Military (ex: Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai) The Russian Empire was a multiethnic state with over 100 ethnic groups living within its borders. Followed proper Islamic styles but used the idea of magic. \hline \text { Groups } & {\text { Count }} &{\text { Average }} \\ It was founded in the late 13th century by Turkish tribes who converted to Islam in northwestern Anatolia. The Portuguese controlled some areas on the Indian Ocean network as they strong armed locals, but merchants continued to trade and migrate. After him (not directly) Aurangzeb forbade Hindus and and reversed Akbar's policies. The Songhai Empire was a West African empire that ruled over a large territory that included parts of modern-day Mali, Niger, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria from the 14th to the 16th century. ), Royal officials in France sent to execute orders of the central government, A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; showed power and wealth of French government. The Romanov dynasty ruled the Russian Empire, which was distinguished by a strong government and a rigid hierarchy. The Ottoman Turks were able to control the Silk Road, which was a trading route that connected Europe with the markets in Asia and the Middle East. Tax Farmers (who were not government employees) were told to collect a certain amount of taxes from an area. A tribute of young boys that the Ottomans levied on Christian communities. Even as serfdom was abolished across Europe, Russian serfs were tied to the land through strict laws that had no opportunity for freedom. It was founded by the Inca civilization, which developed in the Andean region of South America and eventually came to dominate much of the region through military conquests. How did Aztec Empire (1428-1521), in Mesoamerica consolidate power in this era? The Portuguese Empire declined in the nineteenth century. . the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected). Even into her 60s, Queen Nzinga personally led her troops into battle to protect their land. In the period from 1450 to 1750, the development of religions and the interactions of belief systems often had political, social, and cultural implications. Trade thrived and art led to success. The Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, and Dutch had to find another route in order to remain competitive, so they invested in exploration. (predicate adjective). 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Europeans, after the scientific revolution, were often more advanced with technology and weapons, leading to their dominance in the colony. \text { Groups } Escaped serfs began to organize as free peasants, especially in the steppes. States utilized the economic, political and military contributions of different ethnic and religious groups. The Russian Empire lasted from 1721 until the 1917 Russian Revolution.
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