, Schlange T, Asadullah K. Reardon We are affiliated with theDepartment of Bioengineering,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, and theHemophilia and Thrombosis Center. Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: info@neavs.org neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. , Locke P. Veazey [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". Neeves. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. They also discuss early experiments using chimpanzees, which, while unsuccessful in themselves, provided information that was useful for development of the SIV-macaque animal model. [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. Dudley Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. The regulatory laboratories provided diagnostic services for <> F This issue of the journal includes a review of procedures for environmental enrichment, which helps assure animal health and wellbeing. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. Fairly complete draft-level genomic sequences have been published for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, vervets, and marmosets. This article deals with global trends and guidelines followed by different countries in scientific research. In this article Ronald Veasey and the late Andrew Lackner emphasize studies in NHPs that underlay all of these advances: understanding the basic features of pathogenesis of HIV-like viruses (SIVs) using monkeys such as rhesus macaques. , Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, tHart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. . 3m{ Fn\W`IHsY)rr2Z:rBH#p7L 4`60Is!ccaFeA3ja |Q&0_F %5@ob-r0S3t\+bs3f;J5dygzzStp}|vhF. Foreman These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. NHPs are often used in conjunction with other animal models, such as rodents, and results obtained using NHPs must often be used as the final criterion for establishing the potential efficacy of a pharmaceutical or vaccine before transition to human clinical trails. [4] He has been described as "the founding father of the modern animal protection movement. Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens. Neeves, D.W.M. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. Ogden In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. These centers also include the laboratories of researchers that are experts in NHP-related research. National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research NHPs are critical for translational research and are sometimes the only relevant animal models because of their close genetic, physiological, and behavioral similarity to humans versus other animals, such as rodents. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017 ). WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. The literature cites many instances where NHPs have not been used and in which investigators have relied only on information from other models, particularly rodents. Mustari , Liesz A. Manolio In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. 2017). Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. Chen The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many These conditions are correlated with negative health outcomes in humans, including development of autism and asthma. Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. Amory died unexpectedly later that same year. 2017). JA Trewyn, P.S. Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve any procedure at a given institution utilizing laboratory animals, including NHPs (Tardif et al. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). , Ramakrishnan R, Cervera-Juanes R, Madhira R, Peterson SM, Norgren RBJr, Ferguson B. Capitanio More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. . National Association for Biomedical Research Takibana Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). D BN [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. Belmonte The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president. A [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. began serving as executive director. endobj Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. A further feature of the process of translation is that it is often cyclical. These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. They also discuss the relationship between studies that utilize rodents and those that use NHPs, as well as details regarding the relative merits of using rhesus macaques versus cynomolgus macaques. A particularly timely example is development of a highly efficacious vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. endobj In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. In practice, however, this is an unequal struggle. 2015). The Author(s) 2017. CROs still have the ability to move animals from Asia to the United States. LA Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. S Prinz The NHP translational community would benefit from a coordinated plan that shares animals and phenotyping data. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. Herson, D.W.M. Projects NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. , Li X, Zhang JT, Cai YJ, Cheng TL, Cheng C, Wang Y, Zhang CC, Nie YH, Chen ZF, Bian WJ, Zhang L, Xiao J, Lu B, Zhang YF, Zhang XD, Sang X, Wu JJ, Xui X, Xiong ZQ, Zhang F, Yu XGong M, Zjou WH, Sun Q, Qiu Z. Llovera John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. Rubio Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. Our mission is to provide an opportunity for the Northern New England Sonographers, not just vascular, but all sonographers a means for continuing medical educational programs and sharing of opportunities for growth. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. Details of these alternative approaches are outside the purview of this review. NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. . Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. Read more about what to send here. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). T Marr, K.B. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] Can new tools and technology improve translational power? 2016; Ke et al. [3], Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998. . In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. WebBiomedical Research. . Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. . Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. 3 0 obj 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. Invasive research on chimpanzees is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand. In 1983 NEAVS successfully lobbied to repeal Massachusetts' 1957 pound seizure law, which required animal shelters to sell animals for use in research. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. C In addition, animals are kept in sterile, stressful environments that cause them to develop abnormal physiological and behavioral responses. 2010), NHPs are used in discovery phases that directly precede formal translational research and in the T1 phase, which transfers the results of basic research to clinical research, often called bench to bedside.. Animal Research is Hazardous Waste examines the millions of animals bred, used, and disposed as contaminated or hazardous waste. Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. Kilkenny WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org). 2017). 2016; SCHEER 2017), and some Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea (Ogden et al. Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber Vasbinder Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to
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